Thermodynamics and Psychology

                                                 Thermodynamics and Psychology

Heat is energy, and a high temperature implies greater potential energy. However, to develop this potential, and convert heat into mechanical energy, there is a need low temperatures.A body at a high temperature, cannot by itself yield mechanical energy.  A temperature difference between the hot and cold part of the unit is necessary (Carnot).

 Historically, we are accustomed the cold part operating at a temperature of 280–310K, because the world/cosmos provides us with a body of such temperature (the world's oceans, the atmosphere, and the Earth), and with unlimited potential. This assumption limits us, because 280–310 K is a sufficiently high temperature (compared for example to100K) , and we can use the same bodies at such a temperature, for the hot side of the unit. 

Historically, we heat the hot part of the unit, to create a temperature difference between the hot and cold sections. This limits us, because we can cool the cold side of the unit, so to create a temperature difference between the hot and cold sides, so that we get the same result – mechanical energy.

I tried to develop the idea of ​​using the Earth's heat for the hot side of the unit, while generating the cold side ourselves, because this offers the possibility of having unlimited "free" energy, for as long as the world exists.

06.10.2026

Svetozar the Cold

 I have imposed a ban on myself not to enter the world of the internally cooled engine, but I have to break it, because of some questions that most often arise in people who want to understand the theory.

A small preface: In order for an internally cooled engine to work, we need to create its cold part. We have the hot part - It is given to us by nature (the heat of the environment). We need a temperature difference between the hot and cold part (Carnot), and we will have to create a cold part - We do not have it. It is "expensive", we "pay" for it. And once created, we have to keep it cold.

It is often concluded that we will inevitably lose the cold part due to waste heat and heat exchange with the environment

What do we do to preserve the cold part:

1. Thermal insulation

2. Heat redistribution system - We transfer heat from the cold to the warm part

3. We convert most of the heat into mechanical energy so that the resulting power is greater than the power required for the operation of the heat redistribution system

In the thermally insulated part of the internally cooled engine, heat is converted into mechanical energy. This is how we preserve the cold part.

 

Svetozar the Cold

Once upon a time

 This blog is the embodiment of the evolution of my idea to turn the heat of nature into useful energy. The average temperature of air on earth (probably also of water, which I think is the more suitable source of energy) is 290 K, so down to 0 K we have a good chance of creating the temperature difference between the hot and cold part of the engine, that we need to converting heat into mechanical energy.

  I published my ideas immediately the day they took shape, so the whole work is not well systematized, but you can see how I wandered into the unknown.

When I realized that I had nothing more to contribute, I decided to "forget" about this work - Theorizing is exhausting, one must put an end to it in, order to save oneself.

You can write to me by email:

megagreenenergy@gmail.com

Svetozar the Cold

off-topic "internally cooled engine " - To your attention : My theory "Perfect Living Creature"

Already drew first touches of my theory:

"Perfect Living Creature"
(author : Svetozar the Soul )

You can see on :
www. perfect-living-creature.blogspot.bg

or at : "Perfect Living Creature- theory"  (Facebook page)

There is still much work on the theory. I hope for a few months to set out my views on this topic.

As for begining I want to outline the philosophy. 

Let us go from this point of view

one turbine - one compressor (physics)

Diagram 1 - one turbine, one working substance, one compressor, a refrigerant - an option which I will discuss in this post.

 The power of the turbine will be superior to the power of the compressor if the system for redistributing heat returns heat in the evaporator - I will try to prove it by dividing the turbine (1) of two identical turbines and the same two turbines them turn on reverse  to become compressors - chart 2

If the valve 7a is closed and valve 7b open  will  work only  turbine 1b. Compressor 2b expands and compresses refrigerant R as at enlargement takes heat from the working substance A  after the turbine in a heat exchanger 4b to a temperature equal  or less to  the boiling point of the working substance A so that it liquefies. The heat that we take from the working substance A is transmitted to the liquid working substance in a heat exchanger 5 where  compressor 2b compresses the refrigerant R. As I said above compressor 2b  is a reverse turbine 1b so that by conservation of energy should: If power of turbine apply it to the compressor working substance A before the turbine and then the compressor must have the same parameters - temperature, volume and pressure .

Waut b = Win b

The same forces - no change in the parameters of the working substance - no effective unit. There is no way to apply a small force to the compressor so to us remain useful energy because we can not take away heat and give it to another body so that the unit can not hold amounts of heat.

We begin to open valve 7a.  Turbine 1a starts. The same one reverse turbine is a compressor 2a, which expands and compresses refrigerant R so that at enlargement in heat exchanger 4a removes heat from the working substance A after turbine 1a to liquefaction. The heat which is removed from the working substance in a heat exchanger 4a return it to the evaporator 3. Pump refers working substance  A at a temperature equal  or lower than the boiling point of the heat exchanger 4a  to the heat exchanger 5.

To compare the forces of tubes 1a and reverse turbine  - compressor 2a : Turbine 1a works to a temperature difference T2 / Tbp and produces power Wout. By the laws of thermodynamics - compressor 2a overcomes temperature difference T2 / Tbp so that it would need  force Wina equal to the force produced by the turbine  Wouta

Wout a = Win a

How does the inclusion of a turbine 1a and compressor  2a of the balance of power Wout b and Winb?? Compressor 2b must give warmth that refrigerant R is accepted at expansion in heat exchanger 4b of working substance A on a large amount of working substance in a heat exchanger 5, because working substance after heat exchanger 4a is collected by the working substance of the heat exchanger 4b. This violates equality  Woutb = Winb

Because the compressor 2b to overcome a small temperature difference therefore:

Win b <Wout b

 Net power to the entire unit is:

W =  Wouta + Woutb - Wina - Winb

Considering that  Wout a = Win a

W = Wout b – Win b

So  such a unit will have a beneficial force.

As unite heat exchangers 4a and 4b,  unite turbine 1a and 1b  and compressors 2a and 2b proceed to an efficient engine where Wout > Win - figure 1a

In this line of thinking exchanger 5 may be unnecessary - chart 3 (it is derived from the chart 1 depending on the setting of valves 7)

All waste heat return it to the evaporator 3. This will lead to higher temperatures T2 and a small amount of circulation of the working substance

n number of turbines engine on endothermic chemical processes

If the capacity of the solution is too little to cool the working substance to a temperature below its boiling point, will have to reduce the amount of waste heat. Let that be a n of the number of working substances  unit as I drew on diagram 1.

For me it is not known what are the possibilities of endothermic solutions to cool, but at the expense of this issue of reducing waste heat I am debate  in physical methods for creating cold part. So in short:

Several working substances - a, b ... n each with a lower boiling point. Solvent α heated working substance a above its boiling point; due to the heat exchange between a and b a  liquefies and b boiling ... and so to working substance n .

Solvent α heat exchange with each of the evaporators on working substances. The latter working substance n should have a boiling point lower than the boiling point of the solvent  α and higher than the boiling point of the solution αβ . So working substance n liquefies solvent  α , and the solution αβ  closes the cycle of working substance n.

Probably every one variant of the physical method I've drawn may be converted to chemical - with a one working substance, with n of number of working substances and two working substances with a common cold part, so small capacity (possibly) of cooling on solution hope it is not a problem.


08.07.2016

For а less waste heat would be appropriate to have another heat exchange between the solvent α and the last working substance n as in chart 2

one turbine engine on solution

It is good one to give a break from work. "Vacationing makes champions" - are increasingly convinced of the rightness of this maxim lol

So did I - I gave myself  three weeks vacation on "an internal cooling engine" and  after returned  saw that the engine using the endothermic solution for obtaining low temperatures of the cold part is not necessarily to be on two working substances and two turbines. The possibility - second working substance with low boiling point as doing work to create the liquid solvent is not bad, but the possibility - solution to create liquid solvent is even better because we eliminate one turbine and unit becomes small and compact.

  

Here's patent application which  handed today  (Chart 1)

 αβ  - endothermic solution

 α    - solvent

 β   -   solute

I would like to ask if anyone had guessed this opportunity as diagram1, аnd he has filed an application before me (not  too hard to guess, and I think that at least 4 teams of very good specialists in various places in the world  working on internal cooling engine) - Please write to me at:

megagreenenergy@gmail.com

I will withdraw  this application  to save my costs on this application

Many thanks

Svetozar the Cold

Wanted solvent and solute

Reflections on the motive power on heat of the environment and on machines fitted to develop that power

I imagined that the issue goes beyond physics and moves in the field of chemistry, and will have to leave ... but it is not easy to me stop thinking about it. These are ten years till now - think themselves come, whether I want or do not want. So since I announced that I stop, I saw development for the physical framework of the process of making the cold part of the unit with endothermic chemical processes. Even a "devil" whispered to me: "Do not be silly! Patented it!" The "devil"  managed to tempt me ,and I handed application with the patent office. Here's how things went with endothermic processes:

Previous post ended like this:

I thought, Wait a minute! You should be warm and working substance in the environment. I was thinking about chemical processes and have neglected the physical basis for them and engine. But physics should outline the basics to open bigger opportunities for chemistry.  So things came to diagram 4

Then they seized me thinks - Will I get cold in the cold part after heat up the working substance in the environment, and then again with the exothermic reaction between α and β ? Instead of turning to energy equations I saw technical solution: We will use the mixer – diagram 5

Control valves 13 and 14, and so the temperature of the working substance we can change  from the temperature of the heat exchanger 1 (when the valve 14 is closed) to ambient temperature (when the valve 13 is closed).

Then I saw the flaw in this chart -  waste a cold. Unit will become more efficient  if we use cold working substance and compound out of the cold part to cool the α and β  before entering the heat exchanger 1.  So the device evolved as chart 6

Evolution underwent and unit using an endothermic solution for low temperatures in the cold part diagram 7

For example - solvent α is ammonia (240K;  boiling point). At a temperature of 290K (17C) ammonia gases have a pressure of 8 MPa. Solute αβ to be a mystical salts  AxBy. Hypothetically - AxBy was dissolved in ammonia by this chemical process is endothermic.

Working substance γ let's fluoromethyl CH3F (R-41; 195K bp).

In the heat exchanger 1 of the drawing 7 ammonia boils and the solution was separated into ammonia and AxBy. Ammonia gases perform work in the turbine 5, where they enter the heat exchanger 2. In heat exchanger 2 ammonia liquefies due to heat exchange with the liquid working substance CH3F. A pump (7) takes the liquid ammonia in the heat exchanger 3.

Salts AxBy separated from the solution pump 8 (probably screw) them ending up at 4 heat exchanger to cool them before you take them in a heat exchanger 3 diagram 7.

 Working substance CH3F is pre-cooled and liquefied to a temperature between its boiling point and its freezing point. In heat exchanger 2, it is heated to a temperature of 240K. The pressure is increased and it is boiling. Gases CH3F perform work in the turbine 6. From there enter the heat exchanger 3 where liquefy due to low temperature created by the dissolution of salts AxBy in the solvent  ammonia. Pump 7 takes liquified working substance CH3F first in heat exchanger 4 to cool the solute AxBy and then in heat exchanger 2 to receive heat from the gases ammonia and so the cycle of working substance is repeated.

Ammonia boiling in the heat exchanger 1, perform work in the turbine 5, salts are dissolved in ammonia in the heat exchanger 3, solution heat exchange first with AxBy in a heat exchanger 4, then (possibly) with ammonia and fluoromethyl in a heat exchanger 2 and out of the heat insulating part where is  heat exchanger 1 to heat from the surrounding environment and the process to begin again. In this renewable process would receive mechanical energy from both turbines 5 and 6 at the expense of the heat of the environment:

W = W₁ + W₂ = Q _in   

An endothermic chemical reaction for closing cycles

                                   External combustion- internal cooling engine

In current engines we use exothermic chemical reactions (chemical  process that releases heat  ) to heat the hot part, so that the heat of the environment to use for a cold part - Chart 1.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ARankine_cycle_layout.png 

I would venture to suggest that to using endothermic chemical reaction (chemical reaction in which the system absorbs energy from its surroundings) to cool the cold part, so that the heat of the environment to use to heat the hot part - Chart 2.

Let working substance (γ) of the engine has a boiling point lower than the temperature of the environment - for example, γ is ammonia ( 240K bp). At ambient temperature 290K gases   ammonia have 8MPa pressure and driven turbine (piston). To close the cycle will use an endothermic reaction between two substances α and β to the heat exchange with the gases ammonia, which will liquefy the low temperature caused by a chemical reaction. Let α and β are nitrogen and oxygen, such as by reacting with each other to give Nitrous oxide ( N2O ). This chemical reaction is related to the withdrawal of heat.

Another option (why not essential?) Is α and β are solvent and solute (salts), in mixing that takes heat (endothermic solution). Guess  - When solutions can probably achieve the best option - to crystallize by the heat of the environment?  So we can repeat the process again with the same substances?

Naturally – The unit and processes must be heat insulated  from the environment.

PS I am a supporter on the physical method with use of mechanical power (refrigerator) to obtain the cold in cold part.

2 may 2016

How nice it would be if we have any substances that are interconnected in endothermic reaction and the resulting chemical compound is unstable at ambient temperature! For example we use the chemical reaction between these substances to create a cold area with very low temperatures (to accept lower than 170K), and then after put out the resultant compound from thermal insulated cold part of the unit  to  the environment warm up in which disintegrate? The law of Lavoisier - Laplace collapse will be accompanied by heat, which we can use to heat the hot part of the unit / other unit. Or a catalyst to help the separation / reaction of the substances?

So we can use the same amount of substances repeatedly to provide engine work - a renewable process so that the resulting mechanical energy of the unit will be  100% renewable sources.

I will try to convince chemists that is worth working on. 

3 may 2016

Yes, the idea of ​​cold part created by a chemical reaction is not new to me,  but these days more and more solidified the idea that if there are appropriate substances, such unit will be useful in many cases even more than the aggregate with cold part created by physical methods. Probably chemical method will allow us smaller in size engines with more power . In the chemical method is likely to achieve greater temperature difference between the hot and cold part with less components - compressor dropped  for example.

Of course the comparison between the physical and chemical unit is  possible olny in renewable chemical processes.

4 may 2016

Wanted!   Wanted!

The attention of chemists:

Seek solutions and substances that have properties such substances α and β of Chart 3:

1. To connect  each other in an endothermic reaction (1 on diagram3)

2. The resulting compound / solution is unstable at ambient temperature (2 on diagram3)

3. With some intervention (heating, catalyst spark etc.) unsustainable compound between them to break, assuming that this process is accompanied by heat (3)

4. Divide substances and cooled them to ambient temperature, so that we can fulfill all these four points again

Many thanks 

Svetozar  the Cold

5 may 2016

Looking at chart 3 one might think that the work of such a unit is impossible. At first glance, here is nonsense - two substances are connected and disconnected by chemical reactions, and these two chemical process with the same quantities of materials give us useful mechanical energy ?? This is contrary to the laws of nature - This is so that we can create energy ?? - Impossible!
This is at first glance. Actually we have two heat exchange with the environment -
Position 2 - the compound is heated (assuming energy) from the environment during its transition from cold to warm part
 Position 4 - substances cool - give out energy to the environment in their transition from warm to cold part
These two heat transfer (position 2, 4) form a useful mechanical energy that can be drawn from such an engine, and it is equal to the difference between the amount received heat from the environment during the passage of the compound from the cold to the warm part - Qin , and the amount of given heat the passage of substances from the warm to the cold part - Qout
 Wturbine  = Qin - (- Qout) =  Qin + Qout
In fact - the sum of the amounts of heat exchanged between the substances and the environment.
Perhaps and you ask yourself - Why to use a chemical method once and it useful energy is formed by the heat exchange between a substance and environment as in physical method ?

It should be chemical (assuming that we have renewable chemical processes) take advantage, because the warm part in this method can have a temperature higher than ambient temperature (while in physical strictly confined to the ambient temperature). It will shape a large temperature difference between the hot and cold side of the unit, respectively greater useful power.

7 may 2016

Oоps, the formula :Wturbine  = Qin - (- Qout) =  Qin + Qout 
 for useful mechanical energy expressed by the quantities of heat which substances exchange with the environment is wrong.
Although I know that when it comes to converting heat into work before I have to express any statement on the matter have to think twice and still make mistakes to express an opinion without  I have thought many times - I beg your pardon!
This formula will make / destroy energy
Come on, let's remakes:

By the law conservation of energy: the sum of the mechanical energy produced by the converter on heat into mechanical energy Wturbine  and Qout must be equal to  amount  of heat given from the environment on the compound / solution - Qin. 
The mechanical energy from the turbine will turn into heat and to be not create / destroy energy should have the following equality:

Wturbine + Qout  = Qin 

so that:

Wturbine  = Qin -  Qout

I will use the case that I am in mine blog to present an analogy on external combustion - internal cooling engine . Because of frequent disputes if possible: the conversion of heat on the environment into mechanical energy, which will inevitably turn into heat and this circle of energy is repeated , want to give an analogy that I think is relevant (It applies to aggregate filled in the physical method, but probably appropriate in aggregate performed by chemical methods with renewable chemical processes):

Will compare unit with a dam and power plant. The thermal insulation of the engine is the sluice that barred the river. If we have a river /  environment with a suitable temperature; and a turbine, to obtain mechanical energy than we should to dam the river / to insulated unit. The river will fill dam / should  need more investment - to cool the cold part by external force ..... in both cases nature will do the rest. 

External combustion - internal cooling engine - This definition is probably not appropriate for the engine as this on chart  3, but the definition suggest to refine when we find a renewable chemical process.

P.S.  
 Because I feel that I have nothing more to add on the subject external combustion - internal cooling engine,  I will concentrate on one of my "old love" and in the next few years (maybe soon) will present a theory that is in another area other than physics - To make a announcement :
If you see Svetozar the... (I have not yet decided what) to advertise a theory - read! I hope that will be interesting and will not waste time in vain.

Rankin cycle § Zero cycle on pistons

             External combustion- internal cooling engine with two                             working substances on pistons§cylinders

                 (Rankin cycle and zero cycle on pistons)

                         

I will present some reflections on the use of two working substances (with different boiling points) who work in thermally isolated environment by pistons. I will discuss several phases of performing a work of the substances and phase of application of force on one of them, and next week will try to connect them in a "analog" type who will represent external combustion- internal cooling engine of two working substances filled with pistons .

Let us have two Dewar containers with two working substances in liquid state. One with a high boiling point will call it Alpha, and the other with a low boiling point will call it Beta substance. The containers are connected to the cylinders in which the pistons move.

All processes of course developed in thermal insulated environment.

Let in one Dewar have some amount of liquid substance Alpha with a temperature higher than its boiling point -T1 on diagram 1.

 The container is connected to the cylinder and piston position A on diagram1. We put weight N kg. the piston for opening the valve substance will expand (evaporate) and pushed the piston - respectively the weight of a distance -position B. Let equilibrium between the pressure in the container and the weight on the piston is in such an increase in volume, wherein the substance cools down to a temperature T2 = (T1 - Tbp) / 2,where Tbp is a boiling point of the substance.

In another Dewar we have some amount of liquid substance Beta at temperature T1 which is the initial temperature of Alpha. Container is also connected to the cylinder/piston - chart 2.

 We take gas from cylinders of the substance Alpha and put them in a heat exchanger to a container of the substance Beta.  On the piston put weight equal to ½ of  weight N where Alpha is in equilibrium at T2. Let the amount of the substance Beta be such that upon opening of the valve together with the gases of Alpha gravity move the same distance, and the system goes into equilibrium at a temperature T3 equal to the boiling point of the Alpha - position B in diagram 2. In its equilibrium position volume on Beta has been extended so that the temperature of the two substances (beta has a low boiling point and  heat exchange between them) is equal to the boiling point of the Alpha - gases Alpha liquefies at equilibrium of the gas pressure of the Beta and weight equal to to ½ of gravity N.

Now I want to discuss the question - What is the smallest weight that if we put on the piston to return it to the starting position - to return to the starting position parameters of volume, pressure and temperature of the substances in these processes of charts 1 and 2? By low conservation of energy this will be another added weight Nkg for Alpha, and 1 / 2Nkg for Beta -  chart 1a for Alpha, 

  and charts 2a and 2b for Beta.

 As work has made the substance, so the force applied to it to perform the same work on it, and the substance returns to its initial values ​​of temperature, volume and pressure .

 Let pistons of the two containers with different substances are connected to the "scale" - diagram 3a,

 or better of the crankshaft in the opposite direction of movement -  diagram 3c.

 In the condition of opening the valve Alpha will be in equilibrium with the weight Nkg. and Beta by weight 1 / 2Nkg  i.e. the piston of Alpha acting force twice larger than the force on the piston Beta. Alpha substance has power precisely so as to return the substance beta to its initial state after opening the valves (as I follow the logic of the previous charts 1a, 2a and 2b) - diagrams 3b; 3d

 3d.

 The temperature of Alpha in the container and cylinder (liquids and gases)  in equilibrium position by default  (position b) T2 = (T1 -Tbp) / 2, and the temperature of Beta in position b (its initial state) is T1, respectively liquid  Alpha which heat exchange with Beta also has a temperature T1.

If  I remove the liquid Alpha from heat exchanger , and in its place put gas Alpha from cylinder will return to the starting position at which gases Alfa at temperature T2 and liquid Beta at temperature T1 perform work as push the piston respectively gravity 1 / 2Nkg to their equilibrium position as I start  - diagrams 4a; 4b; 4c .

To return to the starting position the container with liquid Alpha substance must be heated liquid alpha in the container of temperature T2 to temperature T1. This heat has turned into mechanical energy.

4c start (end) position

Discussed above processes and actions with both substances Alpha and Beta them harnessed in one unit to perform work on behalf of a heat source. Naturally as with any patterns external combustion - internal cooling engine heat source can be the environment -  Alpha substance must must be a boiling point lower than ambient temperature. These few several phases of action I arrange them in a station that end (or initial) phase  performs some work (raising the weight 1 / 2 Nkg ,of gases on substance Alpha, and substance Beta ,where the Nkg it is the strength of the alpha) on account of the heat source. I summarized :

 Based on pre-set temperatures, quantities and volumes of two working substances can receive mechanical force as one substance - Alpha gets heat from source and works in Rankin cycle, and other Beta participate in the closing cycle on Alpha, and in start / end point its parameters remain unchanged ( Zero cycle).

To be continued

P.S. Right now I would like to propose for discussion a more interesting situation - Gases Alpha and Beta liquid heat exchange and perform work, so in their equilibrium position with weight 1 / 2n on the piston in the container temperature is close to freezing point of Alfa -  diagram 5.

 Let's Alpha be ammonia ( 240K bp, 196K mp) and Beta is nitrogen (77K bp). Let quantities Alpha and Beta are such that in the equilibrium position - position B from a temperature of 300K and 270K of nitrogen and ammonia gases temperature  decreased  to 200K - close to the freezing point of the ammonia,due to the increase a volume on Beta . Now when I open the valve will have two forces - a piston which rises weight 1 / 2N kg, and another piston  - over ammonia gases,   due to contraction of temperature close to freezing point rise weight Xkg. Total work done from position A to position B will proportional on 1/ 2N kg + Xkg. What weight can raise (to N eventually) I do not know. I would prefer to check it empirically :)

11.03.2016
Another more close to our ideas example of a puzzle with the force of contraction - diagram 5a

To be continued

12.03.2016
Here are the reviewed processes in unit - two working substances on pistons - diagram 6

indications:
1 - double-acting piston
2 - evaporator
3 - compression container
4 - valve
5 - reducer valve
6 - heat exchanger with the heat source
7 - pump
8 - heat exchanger
Good external combustion - internal cooling engine must have a good thermal insulation. In the case shall the pistons and cylinders must to be of materials with low thermal conductivity.